There are numerous option pricing models that are used to estimate the value of financial derivatives such as options. Some of the most accurate models include:
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Binomial model: This model was developed by Cox, Ross, and Rubinstein in 1979 and is based on the idea that the underlying asset's price can either go up or down over a fixed period of time. The model uses a tree-like structure to determine the price of the option at each point in time.
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Black-Scholes-Merton model: This model was developed by Fischer Black, Myron Scholes, and Robert Merton in 1973 and is based on the assumption that the underlying asset's price follows a geometric Brownian motion. The model is widely used to value European call and put options, but it has some limitations when applied to other types of options or more complex financial instruments.
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Heston model: This model was developed by Steven Heston in 1993 and is an extension of the Black-Scholes-Merton model. It accounts for the fact that the underlying asset's volatility is not constant, but rather changes over time. The model is often used to value options on assets with high levels of volatility, such as stocks.
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Monte Carlo method: This is a simulation-based method that can be used to value a wide range of financial instruments, including options. The method involves generating a large number of random scenarios for the underlying asset's price and using these scenarios to estimate the option's value.
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Real options analysis: This approach values options by considering the flexibility they provide to the holder to make strategic investment decisions. It is often used to value complex, long-term investment projects where the timing and size of investments can be adjusted based on changes in the market or other factors.
There are many other option pricing models that have been developed, and the choice of which model to use depends on the specific characteristics of the option and the underlying asset.